残疾人权利公约

序言

　　本公约缔约国，

　　(一) 回顾《联合国宪章》宣告的各项原则确认人类大家庭所有成员的固有尊严和价值以及平等和不可剥夺的权利，是世界自由、正义与和平的基础，

　　(二) 确认联合国在《世界人权宣言》和国际人权公约中宣告并认定人人有权享有这些文书所载的一切权利和自由，不得有任何区别，

　　(三) 重申一切人权和基本自由都是普遍、不可分割、相互依存和相互关联的，必须保障残疾人不受歧视地充分享有这些权利和自由，

　　(四) 回顾《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》、《公民及政治权利国际公约》、《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》、《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》、《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》、《儿童权利公约》和《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》，

　　(五) 确认残疾是一个演变中的概念，残疾是伤残者和阻碍他们在与其他人平等的基础上充分和切实地参与社会的各种态度和环境障碍相互作用所产生的结果，

　　(六) 确认《关于残疾人的世界行动纲领》和《残疾人机会均等标准规则》所载原则和政策导则在影响国家、区域和国际各级推行、制定和评价进一步增加残疾人均等机会的政策、计划、方案和行动方面的重要性，

　　(七) 强调必须使残疾问题成为相关可持续发展战略的重要组成部分，

　　(八) 又确认因残疾而歧视任何人是对人的固有尊严和价值的侵犯，

　　(九) 还确认残疾人的多样性，

　　(十) 确认必须促进和保护所有残疾人的人权，包括需要加强支助的残疾人的人权，

　　(十一) 关注尽管有上述各项文书和承诺，残疾人作为平等社会成员参与方面继续面临各种障碍，残疾人的人权在世界各地继续受到侵犯，

　　(十二) 确认国际合作对改善各国残疾人，尤其是发展中国家残疾人的生活条件至关重要，

　　(十三) 确认残疾人对其社区的全面福祉和多样性作出的和可能作出的宝贵贡献，并确认促进残疾人充分享有其人权和基本自由以及促进残疾人充分参与，将增强其归属感，大大推进整个社会的人的发展和社会经济发展以及除贫工作，

　　(十四) 确认个人的自主和自立，包括自由作出自己的选择，对残疾人至关重要，

　　(十五) 认为残疾人应有机会积极参与政策和方案的决策过程，包括与残疾人直接有关的政策和方案的决策过程，

　　(十六) 关注因种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、民族本源、族裔、土著身份或社会出身、财产、出生、年龄或其他身份而受到多重或加重形式歧视的残疾人所面临的困难处境，

　　(十七) 确认残疾妇女和残疾女孩在家庭内外往往面临更大的风险，更易遭受暴力、伤害或凌虐、忽视或疏忽、虐待或剥削，

　　(十八) 确认残疾儿童应在与其他儿童平等的基础上充分享有一切人权和基本自由，并回顾《儿童权利公约》缔约国为此目的承担的义务，

　　(十九) 强调必须将两性平等观点纳入促进残疾人充分享有人权和基本自由的一切努力之中，

　　(二十) 着重指出大多数残疾人生活贫困，确认在这方面亟需消除贫穷对残疾人的不利影响，

　　(二十一) 铭记在恪守《联合国宪章》宗旨和原则并遵守适用的人权文书的基础上实现和平与安全，是充分保护残疾人，特别是在武装冲突和外国占领期间充分保护残疾人的必要条件，

　　(二十二) 确认无障碍的物质、社会、经济和文化环境、医疗卫生和教育以及信息和交流，对残疾人能够充分享有一切人权和基本自由至关重要，

　　(二十三) 认识到个人对他人和对本人所属社区负有义务，有责任努力促进和遵守《国际人权宪章》确认的权利，

　　(二十四)深信家庭是自然和基本的社会组合单元，有权获得社会和国家的保护，残疾人及其家庭成员应获得必要的保护和援助，使家庭能够为残疾人充分和平等地享有其权利作出贡献，

　　(二十五) 深信一项促进和保护残疾人权利和尊严的全面综合国际公约将大有助于在发展中国家和发达国家改变残疾人在社会上的严重不利处境，促使残疾人有平等机会参与公民、政治、经济、社会和文化生活，

　　议定如下：

第一条 宗旨

　　本公约的宗旨是促进、保护和确保所有残疾人充分和平等地享有一切人权和基本自由，并促进对残疾人固有尊严的尊重。

　　残疾人包括肢体、精神、智力或感官有长期损伤的人，这些损伤与各种障碍相互作用，可能阻碍残疾人在与他人平等的基础上充分和切实地参与社会。

第二条 定义

　　为本公约的目的：

　　“交流”包括语言、字幕、盲文、触觉交流、大字本、无障碍多媒体以及书面语言、听力语言、浅白语言、朗读员和辅助或替代性交流方式、手段和模式，包括无障碍信息和通信技术;

　　“语言”包括口语和手语及其他形式的非语音语言;

　　“基于残疾的歧视”是指基于残疾而作出的任何区别、排斥或限制，其目的或效果是在政治、经济、社会、文化、公民或任何其他领域，损害或取消在与其他人平等的基础上，对一切人权和基本自由的认可、享有或行使。基于残疾的歧视包括一切形式的歧视，包括拒绝提供合理便利;“合理便利”是指根据具体需要，在不造成过度或不当负担的情况下，进行必要和适当的修改和调整，以确保残疾人在与其他人平等的基础上享有或行使一切人权和基本自由;

　　“通用设计”是指尽最大可能让所有人可以使用，无需作出调整或特别设计的产品、环境、方案和服务设计。“通用设计”不排除在必要时为某些残疾人群体提供辅助用具。

第三条 一般原则

　　本公约的原则是：

　　㈠尊重固有尊严和个人自主，包括自由作出自己的选择，以及个人的自立;

　　㈡不歧视;

　　㈢充分和切实地参与和融入社会;

　　㈣尊重差异，接受残疾人是人的多样性的一部分和人类的一份子;

　　㈤机会均等;

　　㈥无障碍;

　　㈦男女平等;

　　㈧尊重残疾儿童逐渐发展的能力并尊重残疾儿童保持其身份特性的权利。

第四条 一般义务

　　一、缔约国承诺确保并促进充分实现所有残疾人的一切人权和基本自由，使其不受任何基于残疾的歧视。为此目的，缔约国承诺：

　　㈠采取一切适当的立法、行政和其他措施实施本公约确认的权利;

　　㈡采取一切适当措施，包括立法，以修订或废止构成歧视残疾人的现行法律、法规、习惯和做法;

　　㈢在一切政策和方案中考虑保护和促进残疾人的人权;

　　㈣不实施任何与本公约不符的行为或做法，确保公共当局和机构遵循本公约的规定行事;

　　㈤采取一切适当措施，消除任何个人、组织或私营企业基于残疾的歧视;

　　㈥从事或促进研究和开发本公约第二条所界定的通用设计的货物、服务、设备和设施，以便仅需尽可能小的调整和最低的费用即可满足残疾人的具体需要，促进这些货物、服务、设备和设施的提供和使用，并在拟订标准和导则方面提倡通用设计;

　　㈦从事或促进研究和开发适合残疾人的新技术，并促进提供和使用这些新技术，包括信息和通信技术、助行器具、用品、辅助技术，优先考虑价格低廉的技术;

　　㈧向残疾人提供无障碍信息，介绍助行器具、用品和辅助技术，包括新技术，并介绍其他形式的协助、支助服务和设施;

　　㈨促进培训协助残疾人的专业人员和工作人员，使他们了解本公约确认的权利，以便更好地提供这些权利所保障的协助和服务。

　　二、关于经济、社会和文化权利，各缔约国承诺尽量利用现有资源并于必要时在国际合作框架内采取措施，以期逐步充分实现这些权利，但不妨碍本公约中依国际法立即适用的义务。

　　三、缔约国应当在为实施本公约而拟订和施行立法和政策时以及在涉及残疾人问题的其他决策过程中，通过代表残疾人的组织，与残疾人，包括残疾儿童，密切协商，使他们积极参与。

　　四、本公约的规定不影响任何缔约国法律或对该缔约国生效的国际法中任何更有利于实现残疾人权利的规定。对于根据法律、公约、法规或习惯而在本公约任何缔约国内获得承认或存在的任何人权和基本自由，不得以本公约未予承认或未予充分承认这些权利或自由为借口而加以限制或减损。

　　五、本公约的规定应当无任何限制或例外地适用于联邦制国家各组成部分。

第五条 平等和不歧视

　　一、缔约国确认，在法律面前，人人平等，有权不受任何歧视地享有法律给予的平等保护和平等权益。

　　二、缔约国应当禁止一切基于残疾的歧视，保证残疾人获得平等和有效的法律保护，使其不受基于任何原因的歧视。

　　三、为促进平等和消除歧视，缔约国应当采取一切适当步骤，确保提供合理便利。

　　四、为加速或实现残疾人事实上的平等而必须采取的具体措施，不得视为本公约所指的歧视。

第六条 残疾妇女

　　一、缔约国确认残疾妇女和残疾女孩受到多重歧视，在这方面，应当采取措施，确保她们充分和平等地享有一切人权和基本自由。

　　二、缔约国应当采取一切适当措施，确保妇女充分发展，地位得到提高，能力得到增强，目的是保证妇女能行使和享有本公约所规定的人权和基本自由。

第七条 残疾儿童

　　一、缔约国应当采取一切必要措施，确保残疾儿童在与其他儿童平等的基础上，充分享有一切人权和基本自由。

　　二、在一切关于残疾儿童的行动中，应当以儿童的最佳利益为一项首要考虑。

　　三、缔约国应当确保，残疾儿童有权在与其他儿童平等的基础上，就一切影响本人的事项自由表达意见，并获得适合其残疾状况和年龄的辅助手段以实现这项权利，残疾儿童的意见应当按其年龄和成熟程度适当予以考虑。

第八条 提高认识

　　一、缔约国承诺立即采取有效和适当的措施，以便：

　　㈠提高整个社会，包括家庭，对残疾人的认识，促进对残疾人权利和尊严的尊重;

　　㈡在生活的各个方面消除对残疾人的定见、偏见和有害做法，包括基于性别和年龄的定见、偏见和有害做法;

　　㈢提高对残疾人的能力和贡献的认识。

　　二、为此目的采取的措施包括：

　　㈠发起和持续进行有效的宣传运动，提高公众认识，以便：

　　1、培养接受残疾人权利的态度;

　　2、促进积极看待残疾人，提高社会对残疾人的了解;

　　3、促进承认残疾人的技能、才华和能力以及他们对工作场所和劳动力市场的贡献;

　　㈡在各级教育系统中培养尊重残疾人权利的态度，包括从小在所有儿童中培养这种态度;

　　㈢鼓励所有媒体机构以符合本公约宗旨的方式报道残疾人;

　　㈣推行了解残疾人和残疾人权利的培训方案。

第九条 无障碍

　　一、为了使残疾人能够独立生活和充分参与生活的各个方面，缔约国应当采取适当措施，确保残疾人在与其他人平等的基础上，无障碍地进出物质环境，使用交通工具，利用信息和通信，包括信息和通信技术和系统，以及享用在城市和农村地区向公众开放或提供的其他设施和服务。这些措施应当包括查明和消除阻碍实现无障碍环境的因素，并除其他外，应当适用于：

　　㈠建筑、道路、交通和其他室内外设施，包括学校、住房、医疗设施和工作场所;

　　㈡信息、通信和其他服务，包括电子服务和应急服务。

　　二、缔约国还应当采取适当措施，以便：

　　㈠拟订和公布无障碍使用向公众开放或提供的设施和服务的最低标准和导则，并监测其实施情况;

　　㈡确保向公众开放或为公众提供设施和服务的私营实体在各个方面考虑为残疾人创造无障碍环境;

　　㈢就残疾人面临的无障碍问题向各有关方面提供培训;

　　㈣在向公众开放的建筑和其他设施中提供盲文标志及易读易懂的标志;

　　㈤提供各种形式的现场协助和中介，包括提供向导、朗读员和专业手语译员，以利向公众开放的建筑和其他设施的无障碍;

　　㈥促进向残疾人提供其他适当形式的协助和支助，以确保残疾人获得信息;

　　㈦促使残疾人有机会使用新的信息和通信技术和系统，包括因特网;

　　㈧促进在早期阶段设计、开发、生产、推行无障碍信息和通信技术和系统，以便能以最低成本使这些技术和系统无障碍。

第十条 生命权

　　缔约国重申人人享有固有的生命权，并应当采取一切必要措施，确保残疾人在与其他人平等的基础上切实享有这一权利。

第十一条 危难情况和人道主义紧急情况

　　缔约国应当依照国际法包括国际人道主义法和国际人权法规定的义务，采取一切必要措施，确保在危难情况下，包括在发生武装冲突、人道主义紧急情况和自然灾害时，残疾人获得保护和安全。

第十二条 在法律面前获得平等承认

　　一、缔约国重申残疾人享有在法律面前的人格在任何地方均获得承认的权利。

　　二、缔约国应当确认残疾人在生活的各方面在与其他人平等的基础上享有法律权利能力。

　　三、缔约国应当采取适当措施，便利残疾人获得他们在行使其法律权利能力时可能需要的协助。

　　四、缔约国应当确保，与行使法律权利能力有关的一切措施，均依照国际人权法提供适当和有效的防止滥用保障。这些保障应当确保与行使法律权利能力有关的措施尊重本人的权利、意愿和选择，无利益冲突和不当影响，适应本人情况，适用时间尽可能短，并定期由一个有资格、独立、公正的当局或司法机构复核。提供的保障应当与这些措施影响个人权益的程度相称。

　　五、在符合本条的规定的情况下，缔约国应当采取一切适当和有效的措施，确保残疾人享有平等权利拥有或继承财产，掌管自己的财务，有平等机会获得银行贷款、抵押贷款和其他形式的金融信贷，并应当确保残疾人的财产不被任意剥夺。

第十三条 获得司法保护

　　一、缔约国应当确保残疾人在与其他人平等的基础上有效获得司法保护，包括通过提供程序便利和适龄措施，以便利他们在所有法律诉讼程序中，包括在调查和其他初步阶段中，切实发挥其作为直接和间接参与方，包括其作为证人的作用。

　　二、为了协助确保残疾人有效获得司法保护，缔约国应当促进对司法领域工作人员，包括警察和监狱工作人员进行适当的培训。

第十四条 自由和人身安全

　　一、缔约国应当确保残疾人在与其他人平等的基础上：

　　㈠享有自由和人身安全的权利;

　　㈡不被非法或任意剥夺自由，任何对自由的剥夺均须符合法律规定，而且在任何情况下均不得以残疾作为剥夺自由的理由。

　　二、缔约国应当确保，在任何程序中被剥夺自由的残疾人，在与其他人平等的基础上，有权获得国际人权法规定的保障，并应当享有符合本公约宗旨和原则的待遇，包括提供合理便利的待遇。

第十五条 免于酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚

　　一、不得对任何人实施酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚。特别是不得在未经本人自由同意的情况下，对任何人进行医学或科学试验。

　　二、缔约国应当采取一切有效的立法、行政、司法或其他措施，在与其他人平等的基础上，防止残疾人遭受酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚。

第十六条 免于剥削、暴力和凌虐

　　一、缔约国应当采取一切适当的立法、行政、社会、教育和其他措施，保护残疾人在家庭内外免遭一切形式的剥削、暴力和凌虐，包括基于性别的剥削、暴力和凌虐。

　　二、缔约国还应当采取一切适当措施防止一切形式的剥削、暴力和凌虐，除其他外，确保向残疾人及其家属和照护人提供考虑到性别和年龄的适当协助和支助，包括提供信息和教育，说明如何避免、识别和报告剥削、暴力和凌虐事件。缔约国应当确保保护服务考虑到年龄、性别和残疾因素。

　　三、为了防止发生任何形式的剥削、暴力和凌虐，缔约国应当确保所有用于为残疾人服务的设施和方案受到独立当局的有效监测。

　　四、残疾人受到任何形式的剥削、暴力或凌虐时，缔约国应当采取一切适当措施，包括提供保护服务，促进被害人的身体、认知功能和心理的恢复、康复及回归社会。上述恢复措施和回归社会措施应当在有利于本人的健康、福祉、自尊、尊严和自主的环境中进行，并应当考虑到因性别和年龄而异的具体需要。

　　五、缔约国应当制定有效的立法和政策，包括以妇女和儿童为重点的立法和政策，确保查明、调查和酌情起诉对残疾人的剥削、暴力和凌虐事件。

第十七条 保护人身完整性

　　每个残疾人的身心完整性有权在与其他人平等的基础上获得尊重。

第十八条 迁徙自由和国籍

　　一、缔约国应当确认残疾人在与其他人平等的基础上有权自由迁徙、自由选择居所和享有国籍，包括确保残疾人：

　　㈠有权获得和变更国籍，国籍不被任意剥夺或因残疾而被剥夺;

　　㈡不因残疾而被剥夺获得、拥有和使用国籍证件或其他身份证件的能力，或利用相关程序，如移民程序的能力，这些能力可能是便利行使迁徙自由权所必要的;

　　㈢可以自由离开任何国家，包括本国在内;

　　㈣不被任意剥夺或因残疾而被剥夺进入本国的权利。

　　二、残疾儿童出生后应当立即予以登记，从出生起即应当享有姓名权利，享有获得国籍的权利，并尽可能享有知悉父母并得到父母照顾的权利。

第十九条 独立生活和融入社区

　　本公约缔约国确认所有残疾人享有在社区中生活的平等权利以及与其他人同等的选择，并应当采取有效和适当的措施，以便利残疾人充分享有这项权利以及充分融入和参与社区，包括确保：

　　㈠残疾人有机会在与其他人平等的基础上选择居所，选择在何处、与何人一起生活，不被迫在特定的居住安排中生活;

　　㈡残疾人获得各种居家、住所和其他社区支助服务，包括必要的个人援助，以便在社区生活和融入社区，避免同社区隔绝或隔离;

　　㈢残疾人可以在平等基础上享用为公众提供的社区服务和设施，并确保这些服务和设施符合他们的需要。

第二十条 个人行动能力

　　缔约国应当采取有效措施，确保残疾人尽可能独立地享有个人行动能力，包括：

　　㈠便利残疾人按自己选择的方式和时间，以低廉费用享有个人行动能力;

　　㈡便利残疾人获得优质的助行器具、用品、辅助技术以及各种形式的现场协助和中介，包括以低廉费用提供这些服务;

　　㈢向残疾人和专门协助残疾人的工作人员提供行动技能培训;

　　㈣鼓励生产助行器具、用品和辅助技术的实体考虑残疾人行动能力的各个方面。

第二十一条 表达意见的自由和获得信息的机会

　　缔约国应当采取一切适当措施，包括下列措施，确保残疾人能够行使自由表达意见的权利，包括在与其他人平等的基础上，通过自行选择本公约第二条所界定的一切交流形式，寻求、接受、传递信息和思想的自由：

　　㈠以无障碍模式和适合不同类别残疾的技术，及时向残疾人提供公共信息，不另收费;

　　㈡在正式事务中允许和便利使用手语、盲文、辅助和替代性交流方式及残疾人选用的其他一切无障碍交流手段、方式和模式;

　　㈢敦促向公众提供服务，包括通过因特网提供服务的私营实体，以无障碍和残疾人可以使用的模式提供信息和服务;

　　㈣鼓励包括因特网信息提供商在内的大众媒体向残疾人提供无障碍服务;

　　㈤承认和推动手语的使用。

第二十二条 尊重隐私

　　一、残疾人，不论其居所地或居住安排为何，其隐私、家庭、家居和通信以及其他形式的交流，不得受到任意或非法的干预，其荣誉和名誉也不得受到非法攻击。残疾人有权获得法律的保护，不受这种干预或攻击。

　　二、缔约国应当在与其他人平等的基础上保护残疾人的个人、健康和康复资料的隐私。

第二十三条 尊重家居和家庭

　　一、缔约国应当采取有效和适当的措施，在涉及婚姻、家庭、生育和个人关系的一切事项中，在与其他人平等的基础上，消除对残疾人的歧视，以确保：

　　㈠所有适婚年龄的残疾人根据未婚配偶双方自由表示的充分同意结婚和建立家庭的权利获得承认;

　　㈡残疾人自由、负责任地决定子女人数和生育间隔，获得适龄信息、生殖教育和计划生育教育的权利获得承认，并提供必要手段使残疾人能够行使这些权利;

　　㈢残疾人，包括残疾儿童，在与其他人平等的基础上，保留其生育力。

　　二、如果本国立法中有监护、监管、托管和领养儿童或类似的制度，缔约国应当确保残疾人在这些方面的权利和责任;在任何情况下均应当以儿童的最佳利益为重。缔约国应当适当协助残疾人履行其养育子女的责任。

　　三、缔约国应当确保残疾儿童在家庭生活方面享有平等权利。为了实现这些权利，并为了防止隐藏、遗弃、忽视和隔离残疾儿童，缔约国应当承诺及早向残疾儿童及其家属提供全面的信息、服务和支助。

　　四、缔约国应当确保不违背儿童父母的意愿使子女与父母分离，除非主管当局依照适用的法律和程序，经司法复核断定这种分离确有必要，符合儿童本人的最佳利益。在任何情况下均不得以子女残疾或父母一方或双方残疾为理由，使子女与父母分离。

　　五、缔约国应当在近亲属不能照顾残疾儿童的情况下，尽一切努力在大家庭范围内提供替代性照顾，并在无法提供这种照顾时，在社区内提供家庭式照顾。

第二十四条 教育

　　一、缔约国确认残疾人享有受教育的权利。为了在不受歧视和机会均等的情况下实现这一权利，缔约国应当确保在各级教育实行包容性教育制度和终生学习，以便：

　　㈠充分开发人的潜力，培养自尊自重精神，加强对人权、基本自由和人的多样性的尊重;

　　㈡最充分地发展残疾人的个性、才华和创造力以及智能和体能;

　　㈢使所有残疾人能切实参与一个自由的社会。

　　二、为了实现这一权利，缔约国应当确保：

　　㈠残疾人不因残疾而被排拒于普通教育系统之外，残疾儿童不因残疾而被排拒于免费和义务初等教育或中等教育之外;

　　㈡残疾人可以在自己生活的社区内，在与其他人平等的基础上，获得包容性的优质免费初等教育和中等教育;

　　㈢提供合理便利以满足个人的需要;

　　㈣残疾人在普通教育系统中获得必要的支助，便利他们切实获得教育;

　　㈤按照有教无类的包容性目标，在最有利于发展学习和社交能力的环境中，提供适合个人情况的有效支助措施。

　　三、缔约国应当使残疾人能够学习生活和社交技能，便利他们充分和平等地参与教育和融入社区。为此目的，缔约国应当采取适当措施，包括：

　　㈠为学习盲文，替代文字，辅助和替代性交流方式、手段和模式，定向和行动技能提供便利，并为残疾人之间的相互支持和指导提供便利;

　　㈡为学习手语和宣传聋人的语言特性提供便利;

　　㈢确保以最适合个人情况的语文及交流方式和手段，在最有利于发展学习和社交能力的环境中，向盲、聋或聋盲人，特别是盲、聋或聋盲儿童提供教育。

　　四、为了帮助确保实现这项权利，缔约国应当采取适当措施，聘用有资格以手语和(或)盲文教学的教师，包括残疾教师，并对各级教育的专业人员和工作人员进行培训。这种培训应当包括对残疾的了解和学习使用适当的辅助和替代性交流方式、手段和模式、教育技巧和材料以协助残疾人。

　　五、缔约国应当确保，残疾人能够在不受歧视和与其他人平等的基础上，获得普通高等教育、职业培训、成人教育和终生学习。为此目的，缔约国应当确保向残疾人提供合理便利。

第二十五条 健康

　　缔约国确认，残疾人有权享有可达到的最高健康标准，不受基于残疾的歧视。缔约国应当采取一切适当措施，确保残疾人获得考虑到性别因素的医疗卫生服务，包括与健康有关的康复服务。缔约国尤其应当：

　　㈠向残疾人提供其他人享有的，在范围、质量和标准方面相同的免费或费用低廉的医疗保健服务和方案，包括在性健康和生殖健康及全民公共卫生方案方面;

　　㈡向残疾人提供残疾特需医疗卫生服务，包括酌情提供早期诊断和干预，并提供旨在尽量减轻残疾和预防残疾恶化的服务，包括向儿童和老年人提供这些服务;

　　㈢尽量就近在残疾人所在社区，包括在农村地区，提供这些医疗卫生服务;

　　㈣要求医护人员，包括在征得残疾人自由表示的知情同意基础上，向残疾人提供在质量上与其他人所得相同的护理，特别是通过提供培训和颁布公共和私营医疗保健服务职业道德标准，提高对残疾人人权、尊严、自主和需要的认识;

　　㈤在提供医疗保险和国家法律允许的人寿保险方面禁止歧视残疾人，这些保险应当以公平合理的方式提供;

　　㈥防止基于残疾而歧视性地拒绝提供医疗保健或医疗卫生服务，或拒绝提供食物和液体。

第二十六条 适应训练和康复

　　一、缔约国应当采取有效和适当的措施，包括通过残疾人相互支持，使残疾人能够实现和保持最大程度的自立，充分发挥和维持体能、智能、社会和职业能力，充分融入和参与生活的各个方面。为此目的，缔约国应当组织、加强和推广综合性适应训练和康复服务和方案，尤其是在医疗卫生、就业、教育和社会服务方面，这些服务和方案应当：

　　㈠根据对个人需要和体能的综合评估尽早开始;

　　㈡有助于残疾人参与和融入社区和社会的各个方面，属自愿性质，并尽量在残疾人所在社区，包括农村地区就近安排。

　　二、缔约国应当促进为从事适应训练和康复服务的专业人员和工作人员制订基础培训和进修培训计划。

　　三、在适应训练和康复方面，缔约国应当促进提供为残疾人设计的辅助用具和技术以及对这些用具和技术的了解和使用。

第二十七条 工作和就业

　　一、缔约国确认残疾人在与其他人平等的基础上享有工作权，包括有机会在开放、具有包容性和对残疾人不构成障碍的劳动力市场和工作环境中，为谋生自由选择或接受工作的权利。为保障和促进工作权的实现，包括在就业期间致残者的工作权的实现，缔约国应当采取适当步骤，包括通过立法，除其他外：

　　㈠在一切形式就业的一切事项上，包括在征聘、雇用和就业条件、继续就业、职业提升以及安全和健康的工作条件方面，禁止基于残疾的歧视;

　　㈡保护残疾人在与其他人平等的基础上享有公平和良好的工作条件，包括机会均等和同值工作同等报酬的权利，享有安全和健康的工作环境，包括不受搔扰的权利，并享有申诉的权利;

　　㈢确保残疾人能够在与其他人平等的基础上行使工会权;

　　㈣使残疾人能够切实参加一般技术和职业指导方案，获得职业介绍服务、职业培训和进修培训;

　　㈤在劳动力市场上促进残疾人的就业机会和职业提升机会，协助残疾人寻找、获得、保持和恢复工作;

　　㈥促进自营就业、创业经营、创建合作社和个体开业的机会;

　　㈦在公共部门雇用残疾人;

　　㈧以适当的政策和措施，其中可以包括平权行动方案、奖励和其他措施，促进私营部门雇用残疾人;

　　㈨确保在工作场所为残疾人提供合理便利;

　　㈩促进残疾人在开放劳动力市场上获得工作经验;

　　(十一) 促进残疾人的职业和专业康复服务、保留工作和恢复工作方案。

　　二、缔约国应当确保残疾人不被奴役或驱役，并在与其他人平等的基础上受到保护，不被强迫或强制劳动。

第二十八条 适足的生活水平和社会保护

　　一、缔约国确认残疾人有权为自己及其家属获得适足的生活水平，包括适足的食物、衣物、住房，以及不断改善生活条件;缔约国应当采取适当步骤，保障和促进在不受基于残疾的歧视的情况下实现这项权利。

　　二、缔约国确认残疾人有权获得社会保护，并有权在不受基于残疾的歧视的情况下享有这项权利;缔约国应当采取适当步骤，保障和促进这项权利的实现，包括采取措施：

　　㈠确保残疾人平等地获得洁净供水，并且确保他们获得适当和价格低廉的服务、用具和其他协助，以满足与残疾有关的需要;

　　㈡确保残疾人，尤其是残疾妇女、女孩和老年人，可以利用社会保护方案和减贫方案;

　　㈢确保生活贫困的残疾人及其家属，在与残疾有关的费用支出，包括适足的培训、辅导、经济援助和临时护理方面，可以获得国家援助;

　　㈣确保残疾人可以参加公共住房方案;

　　㈤确保残疾人可以平等享受退休福利和参加退休方案。

第二十九条 参与政治和公共生活

　　缔约国应当保证残疾人享有政治权利，有机会在与其他人平等的基础上享受这些权利，并应当承诺：

　　㈠确保残疾人能够在与其他人平等的基础上，直接或通过其自由选择的代表，有效和充分地参与政治和公共生活，包括确保残疾人享有选举和被选举的权利和机会，除其他外，采取措施：

　　1、确保投票程序、设施和材料适当、无障碍、易懂易用;

　　2、保护残疾人的权利，使其可以在选举或公投中不受威吓地采用无记名方式投票、参选、在各级政府实际担任公职和履行一切公共职务，并酌情提供使用辅助技术和新技术的便利;

　　3、保证残疾人作为选民能够自由表达意愿，并在必要时根据残疾人的要求，为此目的允许残疾人自行选择的人协助投票;

　　㈡积极创造环境，使残疾人能够不受歧视地在与其他人平等的基础上有效和充分地参与处理公共事务，并鼓励残疾人参与公共事务，包括：

　　1、参与涉及本国公共和政治生活的非政府组织和社团，参加政党的活动和管理;

　　2、建立和加入残疾人组织，在国际、全国、地区和地方各级代表残疾人。

第三十条 参与文化生活、娱乐、休闲和体育活动

　　一、缔约国确认残疾人有权在与其他人平等的基础上参与文化生活，并应当采取一切适当措施，确保残疾人：

　　㈠获得以无障碍模式提供的文化材料;

　　㈡获得以无障碍模式提供的电视节目、电影、戏剧和其他文化活动;

　　㈢进出文化表演或文化服务场所，例如剧院、博物馆、电影院、图书馆、旅游服务场所，并尽可能地可以进出在本国文化中具有重要意义的纪念物和纪念地。

　　二、缔约国应当采取适当措施，使残疾人能够有机会为自身利益并为充实社会，发展和利用自己的创造、艺术和智力潜力。

　　三、缔约国应当采取一切适当步骤，依照国际法的规定，确保保护知识产权的法律不构成不合理或歧视性障碍，阻碍残疾人获得文化材料。

　　四、残疾人特有的文化和语言特性，包括手语和聋文化，应当有权在与其他人平等的基础上获得承认和支持。

　　五、为了使残疾人能够在与其他人平等的基础上参加娱乐、休闲和体育活动，缔约国应当采取适当措施，以便：

　　㈠鼓励和促进残疾人尽可能充分地参加各级主流体育活动;

　　㈡确保残疾人有机会组织、发展和参加残疾人专项体育、娱乐活动，并为此鼓励在与其他人平等的基础上提供适当指导、训练和资源;

　　㈢确保残疾人可以使用体育、娱乐和旅游场所;

　　㈣确保残疾儿童享有与其他儿童一样的平等机会参加游戏、娱乐和休闲以及体育活动，包括在学校系统参加这类活动;

　　㈤确保残疾人可以获得娱乐、旅游、休闲和体育活动的组织人提供的服务。

第三十一条 统计和数据收集

　　一、缔约国承诺收集适当的信息，包括统计和研究数据，以便制定和实施政策，落实本公约。收集和维持这些信息的工作应当：

　　㈠遵行法定保障措施，包括保护数据的立法，实行保密和尊重残疾人的隐私;

　　㈡遵行保护人权和基本自由的国际公认规范以及收集和使用统计数据的道德原则。

　　二、依照本条规定收集的信息应当酌情分组，用于协助评估本公约规定的缔约国义务的履行情况，查明和清除残疾人在行使其权利时遇到的障碍。

　　三、缔约国应当负责传播这些统计数据，确保残疾人和其他人可以使用这些统计数据。

第三十二条 国际合作

　　一、缔约国确认必须开展和促进国际合作，支持国家为实现本公约的宗旨和目的而作出的努力，并将为此在双边和多边的范围内采取适当和有效的措施，并酌情与相关国际和区域组织及民间社会，特别是与残疾人组织，合作采取这些措施。除其他外，这些措施可包括：

　　㈠确保包容和便利残疾人参与国际合作，包括国际发展方案;

　　㈡促进和支持能力建设，如交流和分享信息、经验、培训方案和最佳做法;

　　㈢促进研究方面的合作，便利科学技术知识的获取;

　　㈣酌情提供技术和经济援助，包括便利获取和分享无障碍技术和辅助技术以及通过技术转让提供这些援助。

　　二、本条的规定不妨害各缔约国履行其在本公约下承担的义务。

第三十三条 国家实施和监测

　　一、缔约国应当按照本国建制，在政府内指定一个或多个协调中心，负责有关实施本公约的事项，并应当适当考虑在政府内设立或指定一个协调机制，以便利在不同部门和不同级别采取有关行动。

　　二、缔约国应当按照本国法律制度和行政制度，酌情在国内维持、加强、指定或设立一个框架，包括一个或多个独立机制，以促进、保护和监测本公约的实施。在指定或建立这一机制时，缔约国应当考虑与保护和促进人权的国家机构的地位和运作有关的原则。

　　三、民间社会，特别是残疾人及其代表组织，应当获邀参加并充分参与监测进程。

第三十四条 残疾人权利委员会

　　一、应当设立一个残疾人权利委员会(以下称“委员会”)，履行下文规定的职能。

　　二、在本公约生效时，委员会应当由十二名专家组成。在公约获得另外六十份批准书或加入书后，委员会应当增加六名成员，以足十八名成员之数。

　　三、委员会成员应当以个人身份任职，品德高尚，在本公约所涉领域具有公认的能力和经验。缔约国在提名候选人时，务请适当考虑本公约第四条第三款的规定。

　　四、委员会成员由缔约国选举，选举须顾及公平地域分配原则，各大文化和各主要法系的代表性，男女成员人数的均衡性以及残疾人专家的参加。

　　五、应当在缔约国会议上，根据缔约国提名的本国国民名单，以无记名投票选举委员会成员。这些会议以三分之二的缔约国构成法定人数，得票最多和获得出席并参加表决的缔约国代表的绝对多数票者，当选为委员会成员。

　　六、首次选举至迟应当在本公约生效之日后六个月内举行。每次选举，联合国秘书长至迟应当在选举之日前四个月函请缔约国在两个月内递交提名人选。秘书长随后应当按英文字母次序编制全体被提名人名单，注明提名缔约国，分送本公约缔约国。

　　七、当选的委员会成员任期四年，可以连选连任一次。但是，在第一次选举当选的成员中，六名成员的任期应当在两年后届满;本条第五款所述会议的主席应当在第一次选举后，立即抽签决定这六名成员。

　　八、委员会另外六名成员的选举应当依照本条的相关规定，在正常选举时举行。

　　九、如果委员会成员死亡或辞职或因任何其他理由而宣称无法继续履行其职责，提名该成员的缔约国应当指定一名具备本条相关规定所列资格并符合有关要求的专家，完成所余任期。

　　十、委员会应当自行制定议事规则。

　　十一、　联合国秘书长应当为委员会有效履行本公约规定的职能提供必要的工作人员和便利，并应当召开委员会的首次会议。

　　十二、　考虑到委员会责任重大，经联合国大会核准，本公约设立的委员会的成员，应当按大会所定条件，从联合国资源领取薪酬。

　　十三、　委员会成员应当有权享有联合国特派专家根据《联合国特权和豁免公约》相关章节规定享有的便利、特权和豁免。

第三十五条 缔约国提交的报告

　　一、各缔约国在本公约对其生效后两年内，应当通过联合国秘书长，向委员会提交一份全面报告，说明为履行本公约规定的义务而采取的措施和在这方面取得的进展。

　　二、其后，缔约国至少应当每四年提交一次报告，并在委员会提出要求时另外提交报告。

　　三、委员会应当决定适用于报告内容的导则。

　　四、已经向委员会提交全面的初次报告的缔约国，在其后提交的报告中，不必重复以前提交的资料。缔约国在编写给委员会的报告时，务请采用公开、透明的程序，并适当考虑本公约第四条第三款的规定。

　　五、报告可以指出影响本公约所定义务履行程度的因素和困难。

第三十六条 报告的审议

　　一、委员会应当审议每一份报告，并在委员会认为适当时，对报告提出提议和一般建议，将其送交有关缔约国。缔约国可以自行决定向委员会提供任何资料作为回复。委员会可以请缔约国提供与实施本公约相关的进一步资料。

　　二、对于严重逾期未交报告的缔约国，委员会可以通知有关缔约国，如果在发出通知后的三个月内仍未提交报告，委员会必须根据手头的可靠资料，审查该缔约国实施本公约的情况。委员会应当邀请有关缔约国参加这项审查工作。如果缔约国作出回复，提交相关报告，则适用本条第一款的规定。

　　三、联合国秘书长应当向所有缔约国提供上述报告。

　　四、缔约国应当向国内公众广泛提供本国报告，并便利获取有关这些报告的提议和一般建议。

　　五、委员会应当在其认为适当时，把缔约国的报告转交联合国专门机构、基金和方案以及其他主管机构，以便处理报告中就技术咨询或协助提出的请求或表示的需要，同时附上委员会可能对这些请求或需要提出的意见和建议。

第三十七条 缔约国与委员会的合作

　　一、各缔约国应当与委员会合作，协助委员会成员履行其任务。

　　二、在与缔约国的关系方面，委员会应当适当考虑提高各国实施本公约的能力的途径和手段，包括为此开展国际合作。

第三十八条 委员会与其他机构的关系

　　为了促进本公约的有效实施和鼓励在本公约所涉领域开展国际合作：

　　㈠各专门机构和其他联合国机构应当有权派代表列席审议本公约中属于其职权范围的规定的实施情况。委员会可以在其认为适当时，邀请专门机构和其他主管机构就公约在各自职权范围所涉领域的实施情况提供专家咨询意见。委员会可以邀请专门机构和其他联合国机构提交报告，说明公约在其活动范围所涉领域的实施情况;

　　㈡委员会在履行任务时，应当酌情咨询各国际人权条约设立的其他相关机构的意见，以便确保各自的报告编写导则、提议和一般建议的一致性，避免在履行职能时出现重复和重叠。

第三十九条 委员会报告

　　委员会应当每两年一次向大会和经济及社会理事会提出关于其活动的报告，并可以在审查缔约国提交的报告和资料的基础上，提出提议和一般建议。这些提议和一般建议应当连同缔约国可能作出的任何评论，一并列入委员会报告。

第四十条 缔约国会议

　　一、缔约国应当定期举行缔约国会议，以审议与实施本公约有关的任何事项。

　　二、联合国秘书长至迟应当在本公约生效后六个月内召开缔约国会议。其后，秘书长应当每两年一次，或根据缔约国会议的决定，召开会议。

第四十一条 保存人

　　联合国秘书长为本公约的保存人。

第四十二条 签署

　　本公约自二○○七年三月三十日起在纽约联合国总部开放给所有国家和区域一体化组织签署。

第四十三条 同意接受约束

　　本公约应当经签署国批准和经签署区域一体化组织正式确认，并应当开放给任何没有签署公约的国家或区域一体化组织加入。

第四十四条 区域一体化组织

　　一、“区域一体化组织”是指由某一区域的主权国家组成的组织，其成员国已将本公约所涉事项方面的权限移交该组织。这些组织应当在其正式确认书或加入书中声明其有关本公约所涉事项的权限范围。此后，这些组织应当将其权限范围的任何重大变更通知保存人。

　　二、本公约提及“缔约国”之处，在上述组织的权限范围内，应当适用于这些组织。

　　三、为本公约第四十五条第一款和第四十七条第二款和第三款的目的，区域一体化组织交存的任何文书均不在计算之列。

　　四、区域经济一体化组织可以在缔约国会议上，对其权限范围内的事项行使表决权，其票数相当于已成为本公约缔约国的组织成员国的数目。如果区域一体化组织的任何成员国行使表决权，则该组织不得行使表决权，反之亦然。

第四十五条 生效

　　一、本公约应当在第二十份批准书或加入书交存后的第三十天生效。

　　二、对于在第二十份批准书或加入书交存后批准、正式确认或加入的国家或区域一体化组织，本公约应当在该国或组织交存各自的批准书、正式确认书或加入书后的第三十天生效。

第四十六条 保留

　　一、保留不得与本公约的目的和宗旨不符。

　　二、保留可随时撤回。

第四十七条 修正

　　一、任何缔约国均可以对本公约提出修正案，提交联合国秘书长。秘书长应当将任何提议修正案通告缔约国，请缔约国通知是否赞成召开缔约国会议以审议提案并就提案作出决定。在上述通告发出之日后的四个月内，如果有至少三分之一的缔约国赞成召开缔约国会议，秘书长应当在联合国主持下召开会议。经出席并参加表决的缔约国三分之二多数通过的任何修正案应当由秘书长提交联合国大会核可，然后提交所有缔约国接受。

　　二、依照本条第一款的规定通过和核可的修正案，应当在交存的接受书数目达到修正案通过之日缔约国数目的三分之二后的第三十天生效。此后，修正案应当在任何缔约国交存其接受书后的第三十天对该国生效。修正案只对接受该项修正案的缔约国具有约束力。

　　三、经缔约国会议协商一致决定，依照本条第一款的规定通过和核可但仅涉及第三十四条、第三十八条、第三十九条和第四十条的修正案，应当在交存的接受书数目达到修正案通过之日缔约国数目的三分之二后的第三十天对所有缔约国生效。

第四十八条 退约

　　缔约国可以书面通知联合国秘书长退出本公约。退约应当在秘书长收到通知之日起一年后生效。

第四十九条 无障碍模式

　　应当以无障碍模式提供本公约文本。

第五十条 作准文本

　　本公约的阿拉伯文、中文、英文、法文、俄文和西班牙文文本同等作准。

　　下列签署人经各自政府正式授权在本公约上签字，以昭信守。

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

　　Preamble

　　The States Parties to the present Convention,

　　(a) Recalling the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations which recognize the inherent dignity and worth and the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family as the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,

　　(b) Recognizing that the United Nations, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the International Covenants on Human Rights, has proclaimed and agreed that everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth therein, without distinction of any kind,

　　(c) Reaffirming the universality, indivisibility, interdependence and interrelatedness of all human rights and fundamental freedoms and the need for persons with disabilities to be guaranteed their full enjoyment without discrimination,

　　(d) Recalling the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families,

　　(e) Recognizing that disability is an evolving concept and that disability results from the interaction between persons with impairments and attitudinal and environmental barriers that hinders their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others,

　　(f) Recognizing the importance of the principles and policy guidelines contained in the World Programme of Action concerning Disabled Persons and in the Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities in influencing the promotion, formulation and evaluation of the policies, plans, programmes and actions at the national, regional and international levels to further equalize opportunities for persons with disabilities,

　　(g) Emphasizing the importance of mainstreaming disability issues as an integral part of relevant strategies of sustainable development,

　　(h) Recognizing also that discrimination against any person on the basis of disability is a violation of the inherent dignity and worth of the human person,

　　(i) Recognizing further the diversity of persons with disabilities,

　　(j) Recognizing the need to promote and protect the human rights of all persons with disabilities, including those who require more intensive support,

　　(k) Concerned that, despite these various instruments and undertakings, persons with disabilities continue to face barriers in their participation as equal members of society and violations of their human rights in all parts of the world,

　　(l) Recognizing the importance of international cooperation for improving the living conditions of persons with disabilities in every country, particularly in developing countries,

　　(m) Recognizing the valued existing and potential contributions made by persons with disabilities to the overall well-being and diversity of their communities, and that the promotion of the full enjoyment by persons with disabilities of their human rights and fundamental freedoms and of full participation by persons with disabilities will result in their enhanced sense of belonging and in significant advances in the human, social and economic development of society and the eradication of poverty,

　　(n) Recognizing the importance for persons with disabilities of their individual autonomy and independence, including the freedom to make their own choices,

　　(o) Considering that persons with disabilities should have the opportunity to be actively involved in decision-making processes about policies and programmes, including those directly concerning them,

　　(p) Concerned about the difficult conditions faced by persons with disabilities who are subject to multiple or aggravated forms of discrimination on the basis of race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic, indigenous or social origin, property, birth, age or other status,

　　(q) Recognizing that women and girls with disabilities are often at greater risk, both within and outside the of violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation,

　　(r) Recognizing that children with disabilities should have full enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms on an equal basis with other children, and recalling obligations to that end undertaken by States Parties to the Convention on the Rights of the Child,

　　(s) Emphasizing the need to incorporate a gender perspective in all efforts to promote the full enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms by persons with disabilities,

　　(t) Highlighting the fact that the majority of persons with disabilities live in conditions of poverty, and in this regard recognizing the critical need to address the negative impact of poverty on persons with disabilities,

　　(u) Bearing in mind that conditions of peace and security based on full respect for the purposes and principles contained in the Charter of the United Nations and observance of applicable human rights instruments are indispensable for the full protection of persons with disabilities, in particular during armed conflicts and foreign occupation,

　　(v) Recognizing the importance of accessibility to the physical, social, economic and cultural environment, to health and education and to information and communication, in enabling persons with disabilities to fully enjoy all human rights and fundamental freedoms,

　　(w) Realizing that the individual, having duties to other individuals and to the community to which he or she belongs, is under a responsibility to strive for the promotion and observance of the rights recognized in the International Bill of Human Rights,

　　(x) Convinced that the family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State, and that persons with disabilities and their family members should receive the necessary protection and assistance to enable families to contribute towards the full and equal enjoyment of the rights of persons with disabilities,

　　(y) Convinced that a comprehensive and integral international convention to promote and protect the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities will make a significant contribution to redressing the profound social disadvantage of persons with disabilities and promote their participation in the civil, political, economic, social and cultural spheres with equal opportunities, in both developing and developed countries,

　　Have agreed as follows :

　　Article 1

　　Purpose

　　The purpose of the present Convention is to promote, protect and ensure the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms by all persons with disabilities, and to promote respect for their inherent dignity.

　　Persons with disabilities include those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others.

　　Article 2

　　Definitions

　　For the purposes of the present Convention:

　　"Communication" includes languages, display of text, Braille, tactile communication, large print, accessible multimedia as well as written, audio, plain-language, human-reader and augmentative and alternative modes, means and formats of communication, including accessible information and communication technology;

　　"Language" includes spoken and signed languages and other forms of non-spoken languages;

　　"Discrimination on the basis of disability" means any distinction, exclusion or restriction on the basis of disability which has the purpose or effect of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal basis with others, of all human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field. It includes all forms of discrimination, including denial of reasonable accommodation;

　　"Reasonable accommodation" means necessary and appropriate modification and adjustments not imposing a disproportionate or undue burden, where needed in a particular case, to ensure to persons with disabilities the enjoyment or exercise on an equal basis with others of all human rights and fundamental freedoms;

　　"Universal design" means the design of products, environments, programmes and services to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design. "Universal design" shall not exclude assistive devices for particular groups of persons with disabilities where this is needed.

　　Article 3

　　General principles

　　The principles of the present Convention shall be:

　　(a) Respect for inherent dignity, individual autonomy including the freedom to make one's own choices, and independence of persons;

　　(b) Non-discrimination;

　　(c) Full and effective participation and inclusion in society;

　　(d) Respect for difference and acceptance of persons with disabilities as part of human diversity and humanity;

　　(e) Equality of opportunity;

　　(f) Accessibility;

　　(g) Equality between men and women;

　　(h) Respect for the evolving capacities of children with disabilities and respect for the right of children with disabilities to preserve their identities.

　　Article 4

　　General obligations

　　1. States Parties undertake to ensure and promote the full realization of all human rights and fundamental freedoms for all persons with disabilities without discrimination of any kind on the basis of disability. To this end, States Parties undertake:

　　(a) To adopt all appropriate legislative, administrative and other measures for the implementation of the rights recognized in the present Convention;

　　(b) To take all appropriate measures, including legislation, to modify or abolish existing laws, regulations, customs and practices that constitute discrimination against persons with disabilities;

　　(c) To take into account the protection and promotion of the human rights of persons with disabilities in all policies and programmes;

　　(d) To refrain from engaging in any act or practice that is inconsistent with the present Convention and to ensure that public authorities and institutions act in conformity with the present Convention;

　　(e) To take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination on the basis of disability by any person, organization or private enterprise;

　　(f) To undertake or promote research and development of universally designed goods, services, equipment and facilities, as defined in article 2 of the present Convention, which should require the minimum possible adaptation and the least cost to meet the specific needs of a person with disabilities, to promote their availability and use, and to promote universal design in the development of standards and guidelines;

　　(g) To undertake or promote research and development of, and to promote the availability and use of new technologies, including information and communications technologies, mobility aids, devices and assistive technologies, suitable for persons with disabilities, giving priority to technologies at an affordable cost;

　　(h) To provide accessible information to persons with disabilities about mobility aids, devices and assistive technologies, including new technologies, as well as other forms of assistance, support services and facilities;

　　(i) To promote the training of professionals and staff working with persons with disabilities in the rights recognized in this Convention so as to better provide the assistance and services guaranteed by those rights.

　　2. With regard to economic, social and cultural rights, each State Party undertakes to take measures to the maximum of its available resources and, where needed, within the framework of international cooperation, with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of these rights, without prejudice to those obligations contained in the present Convention that are immediately applicable according to international law.

　　3. In the development and implementation of legislation and policies to implement the present Convention, and in other decision-making processes concerning issues relating to persons with disabilities, States Parties shall closely consult with and actively involve persons with disabilities, including children with disabilities, through their representative organizations.

　　4. Nothing in the present Convention shall affect any provisions which are more conducive to the realization of the rights of persons with disabilities and which may be contained in the law of a State Party or international law in force for that State. There shall be no restriction upon or derogation from any of the human rights and fundamental freedoms recognized or existing in any State Party to the present Convention pursuant to law, conventions, regulation or custom on the pretext that the present Convention does not recognize such rights or freedoms or that it recognizes them to a lesser extent.

　　5. The provisions of the present Convention shall extend to all parts of federal states without any limitations or exceptions.

　　Article 5

　　Equality and non-discrimination

　　1. States Parties recognize that all persons are equal before and under the law and are entitled without any discrimination to the equal protection and equal benefit of the law.

　　2. States Parties shall prohibit all discrimination on the basis of disability and guarantee to persons with disabilities equal and effective legal protection against discrimination on all grounds.

　　3. In order to promote equality and eliminate discrimination, States Parties shall take all appropriate steps to ensure that reasonable accommodation is provided.

　　4. Specific measures which are necessary to accelerate or achieve de facto equality of persons with disabilities shall not be considered discrimination under the terms of the present Convention.

　　Article 6

　　Women with disabilities

　　1. States Parties recognize that women and girls with disabilities are subject to multiple discrimination, and in this regard shall take measures to ensure the full and equal enjoyment by them of all human rights and fundamental freedoms.

　　2. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure the full development, advancement and empowerment of women, for the purpose of guaranteeing them the exercise and enjoyment of the human rights and fundamental freedoms set out in the present Convention.

　　Article 7

　　Children with disabilities

　　1. States Parties shall take all necessary measures to ensure the full enjoyment by children with disabilities of all human rights and fundamental freedoms on an equal basis with other children.

　　2. In all actions concerning children with disabilities, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration.

　　3. States Parties shall ensure that children with disabilities have the right to express their views freely on all matters affecting them, their views being given due weight in accordance with their age and maturity, on an equal basis with other children, and to be provided with disability and age-appropriate assistance to realize that right.

　　Article 8

　　Awareness-raising

　　1. States Parties undertake to adopt immediate, effective and appropriate measures:

　　(a) To raise awareness throughout society, including at the family level, regarding persons with disabilities, and to foster respect for the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities;

　　(b) To combat stereotypes, prejudices and harmful practices relating to persons with disabilities, including those based on sex and age, in all areas of life;

　　(c) To promote awareness of the capabilities and contributions of persons with disabilities.

　　2. Measures to this end include:

　　(a) Initiating and maintaining effective public awareness campaigns designed:

　　(i) To nurture receptiveness to the rights of persons with disabilities;

　　(ii) To promote positive perceptions and greater social awareness towards persons with disabilities;

　　(iii) To promote recognition of the skills, merits and abilities of persons with disabilities, and of their contributions to the workplace and the labour market;

　　(b) Fostering at all levels of the education system, including in all children from an early age, an attitude of respect for the rights of persons with disabilities;

　　(c) Encouraging all organs of the media to portray persons with disabilities in a manner consistent with the purpose of the present Convention;

　　(d) Promoting awareness-training programmes regarding persons with disabilities and the rights of persons with disabilities.

　　Article 9

　　Accessibility

　　1. To enable persons with disabilities to live independently and participate fully in all aspects of life, States Parties shall take appropriate measures to ensure to persons with disabilities access, on an equal basis with others, to the physical environment, to transportation, to information and communications, including information and communications technologies and systems, and to other facilities and services open or provided to the public, both in urban and in rural areas. These measures, which shall include the identification and elimination of obstacles and barriers to accessibility, shall apply to, inter alia:

　　(a) Buildings, roads, transportation and other indoor and outdoor facilities, including schools, housing, medical facilities and workplaces;

　　(b) Information, communications and other services, including electronic services and emergency services.

　　2. States Parties shall also take appropriate measures to:

　　(a) Develop, promulgate and monitor the implementation of minimum standards and guidelines for the accessibility of facilities and services open or provided to the public;

　　(b) Ensure that private entities that offer facilities and services which are open or provided to the public take into account all aspects of accessibility for persons with disabilities;

　　(c) Provide training for stakeholders on accessibility issues facing persons with disabilities;

　　(d) Provide in buildings and other facilities open to the public signage in Braille and in easy to read and understand forms;

　　(e) Provide forms of live assistance and intermediaries, including guides, readers and professional sign language interpreters, to facilitate accessibility to buildings and other facilities open to the public;

　　(f) Promote other appropriate forms of assistance and support to persons with disabilities to ensure their access to information;

　　(g) Promote access for persons with disabilities to new information and communications technologies and systems, including the Internet;

　　(h) Promote the design, development, production and distribution of accessible information and communications technologies and systems at an early stage, so that these technologies and systems become accessible at minimum cost.

　　Article 10

　　Right to life

　　States Parties reaffirm that every human being has the inherent right to life and shall take all necessary measures to ensure its effective enjoyment by persons with disabilities on an equal basis with others.

　　Article 11

　　Situations of risk and humanitarian emergencies

　　States Parties shall take, in accordance with their obligations under international law, including international humanitarian law and international human rights law, all necessary measures to ensure the protection and safety of persons with disabilities in situations of risk, including situations of armed conflict, humanitarian emergencies and the occurrence of natural disasters.

　　Article 12

　　Equal recognition before the law

　　1. States Parties reaffirm that persons with disabilities have the right to recognition everywhere as persons before the law.

　　2. States Parties shall recognize that persons with disabilities enjoy legal capacity on an equal basis with others in all aspects of life.

　　3. States Parties shall take appropriate measures to provide access by persons with disabilities to the support they may require in exercising their legal capacity.

　　4. States Parties shall ensure that all measures that relate to the exercise of legal capacity provide for appropriate and effective safeguards to prevent abuse in accordance with international human rights law. Such safeguards shall ensure that measures relating to the exercise of legal capacity respect the rights, will and preferences of the person, are free of conflict of interest and undue influence, are proportional and tailored to the person's circumstances, apply for the shortest time possible and are subject to regular review by a competent, independent and impartial authority or judicial body. The safeguards shall be proportional to the degree to which such measures affect the person's rights and interests.

　　5. Subject to the provisions of this article, States Parties shall take all appropriate and effective measures to ensure the equal right of persons with disabilities to own or inherit property, to control their own financial affairs and to have equal access to bank loans, mortgages and other forms of financial credit, and shall ensure that persons with disabilities are not arbitrarily deprived of their property.

　　Article 13

　　Access to justice

　　1. States Parties shall ensure effective access to justice for persons with disabilities on an equal basis with others, including through the provision of procedural and age-appropriate accommodations, in order to facilitate their effective role as direct and indirect participants, including as witnesses, in all legal proceedings, including at investigative and other preliminary stages.

　　2. In order to help to ensure effective access to justice for persons with disabilities, States Parties shall promote appropriate training for those working in the field of administration of justice, including police and prison staff.

　　Article 14

　　Liberty and security of the person

　　1. States Parties shall ensure that persons with disabilities, on an equal basis with others:

　　(a) Enjoy the right to liberty and security of person;

　　(b) Are not deprived of their liberty unlawfully or arbitrarily, and that any deprivation of liberty is in conformity with the law, and that the existence of a disability shall in no case justify a deprivation of liberty.

　　2. States Parties shall ensure that if persons with disabilities are deprived of their liberty through any process, they are, on an equal basis with others, entitled to guarantees in accordance with international human rights law and shall be treated in compliance with the objectives and principles of this Convention, including by provision of reasonable accommodation.

　　Article 15

　　Freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment

　　1. No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. In particular, no one shall be subjected without his or her free consent to medical or scientific experimentation.

　　2. States Parties shall take all effective legislative, administrative, judicial or other measures to prevent persons with disabilities, on an equal basis with others, from being subjected to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

　　Article 16

　　Freedom from exploitation, violence and abuse

　　1. States Parties shall take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social, educational and other measures to protect persons with disabilities, both within and outside the , from all forms of exploitation, violence and abuse, including their gender-based aspects.

　　2. States Parties shall also take all appropriate measures to prevent all forms of exploitation, violence and abuse by ensuring, inter alia, appropriate forms of

　　gender- and age-sensitive assistance and support for persons with disabilities and their families and caregivers, including through the provision of information and education on how to avoid, recognize and report instances of exploitation, violence and abuse. States Parties shall ensure that protection services are age-, gender- and disability-sensitive.

　　3. In order to prevent the occurrence of all forms of exploitation, violence and abuse, States Parties shall ensure that all facilities and programmes designed to serve persons with disabilities are effectively monitored by independent authorities.

　　4. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to promote the physical, cognitive and psychological recovery, rehabilitation and social reintegration of persons with disabilities who become victims of any form of exploitation, violence or abuse, including through the provision of protection services. Such recovery and reintegration shall take place in an environment that fosters the health, welfare,

　　self-respect, dignity and autonomy of the person and takes into account gender- and age-specific needs.

　　5. States Parties shall put in place effective legislation and policies, including women- and child-focused legislation and policies, to ensure that instances of exploitation, violence and abuse against persons with disabilities are identified, investigated and, where appropriate, prosecuted.

　　Article 17

　　Protecting the integrity of the person

　　Every person with disabilities has a right to respect for his or her physical and mental integrity on an equal basis with others.

　　Article 18

　　Liberty of movement and nationality

　　1. States Parties shall recognize the rights of persons with disabilities to liberty of movement, to freedom to choose their residence and to a nationality, on an equal basis with others, including by ensuring that persons with disabilities:

　　(a) Have the right to acquire and change a nationality and are not deprived of their nationality arbitrarily or on the basis of disability;

　　(b) Are not deprived, on the basis of disability, of their ability to obtain, possess and utilize documentation of their nationality or other documentation of identification, or to utilize relevant processes such as immigration proceedings, that may be needed to facilitate exercise of the right to liberty of movement;

　　(c) Are free to leave any country, including their own;

　　(d) Are not deprived, arbitrarily or on the basis of disability, of the right to enter their own country.

　　2. Children with disabilities shall be registered immediately after birth and shall have the right from birth to a name, the right to acquire a nationality and, as far as possible, the right to know and be cared for by their parents.

　　Article 19

　　Living independently and being included in the community

　　States Parties to this Convention recognize the equal right of all persons with disabilities to live in the community, with choices equal to others, and shall take effective and appropriate measures to facilitate full enjoyment by persons with disabilities of this right and their full inclusion and participation in the community, including by ensuring that:

　　(a) Persons with disabilities have the opportunity to choose their place of residence and where and with whom they live on an equal basis with others and are not obliged to live in a particular living arrangement;

　　(b) Persons with disabilities have access to a range of in-, residential and other community support services, including personal assistance necessary to support living and inclusion in the community, and to prevent isolation or segregation from the community;

　　(c) Community services and facilities for the general population are available on an equal basis to persons with disabilities and are responsive to their needs.

　　Article 20

　　Personal mobility

　　States Parties shall take effective measures to ensure personal mobility with the greatest possible independence for persons with disabilities, including by:

　　(a) Facilitating the personal mobility of persons with disabilities in the manner and at the time of their choice, and at affordable cost;

　　(b) Facilitating access by persons with disabilities to quality mobility aids, devices, assistive technologies and forms of live assistance and intermediaries, including by making them available at affordable cost;

　　(c) Providing training in mobility skills to persons with disabilities and to specialist staff working with persons with disabilities;

　　(d) Encouraging entities that produce mobility aids, devices and assistive technologies to take into account all aspects of mobility for persons with disabilities.

　　Article 21

　　Freedom of expression and opinion, and access to information

　　States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that persons with disabilities can exercise the right to freedom of expression and opinion, including the freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas on an equal basis with others and through all forms of communication of their choice, as defined in article 2 of the present Convention, including by:

　　(a) Providing information intended for the general public to persons with disabilities in accessible formats and technologies appropriate to different kinds of disabilities in a timely manner and without additional cost;

　　(b) Accepting and facilitating the use of sign languages, Braille, augmentative and alternative communication, and all other accessible means, modes and formats of communication of their choice by persons with disabilities in official interactions;

　　(c) Urging private entities that provide services to the general public, including through the Internet, to provide information and services in accessible and usable formats for persons with disabilities;

　　(d) Encouraging the mass media, including providers of information through the Internet, to make their services accessible to persons with disabilities;

　　(e) Recognizing and promoting the use of sign languages.

　　Article 22

　　Respect for privacy

　　1. No person with disabilities, regardless of place of residence or living arrangements, shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his or her privacy, family, or correspondence or other types of communication or to unlawful attacks on his or her honour and reputation. Persons with disabilities have the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.

　　2. States Parties shall protect the privacy of personal, health and rehabilitation information of persons with disabilities on an equal basis with others.

　　Article 23

　　Respect for and the family

　　1. States Parties shall take effective and appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against persons with disabilities in all matters relating to marriage, family, parenthood and relationships, on an equal basis with others, so as to ensure that:

　　(a) The right of all persons with disabilities who are of marriageable age to marry and to found a family on the basis of free and full consent of the intending spouses is recognized;

　　(b) The rights of persons with disabilities to decide freely and responsibly on the number and spacing of their children and to have access to age-appropriate information, reproductive and family planning education are recognized, and the means necessary to enable them to exercise these rights are provided;

　　(c) Persons with disabilities, including children, retain their fertility on an equal basis with others.

　　2. States Parties shall ensure the rights and responsibilities of persons with disabilities, with regard to guardianship, wardship, trusteeship, adoption of children or similar institutions, where these concepts exist in national legislation; in all cases the best interests of the child shall be paramount. States Parties shall render appropriate assistance to persons with disabilities in the performance of their child-rearing responsibilities.

　　3. States Parties shall ensure that children with disabilities have equal rights with respect to family life. With a view to realizing these rights, and to prevent concealment, abandonment, neglect and segregation of children with disabilities, States Parties shall undertake to provide early and comprehensive information, services and support to children with disabilities and their families.

　　4. States Parties shall ensure that a child shall not be separated from his or her parents against their will, except when competent authorities subject to judicial review determine, in accordance with applicable law and procedures, that such separation is necessary for the best interests of the child. In no case shall a child be separated from parents on the basis of a disability of either the child or one or both of the parents.

　　5. States Parties shall, where the immediate family is unable to care for a child with disabilities, undertake every effort to provide alternative care within the wider family, and failing that, within the community in a family setting.

　　Article 24

　　Education

　　1. States Parties recognize the right of persons with disabilities to education. With a view to realizing this right without discrimination and on the basis of equal opportunity, States Parties shall ensure an inclusive education system at all levels and life long learning directed to:

　　(a) The full development of human potential and sense of dignity and self-worth, and the strengthening of respect for human rights, fundamental freedoms and human diversity;

　　(b) The development by persons with disabilities of their personality, talents and creativity, as well as their mental and physical abilities, to their fullest potential;

　　(c) Enabling persons with disabilities to participate effectively in a free society.

　　2. In realizing this right, States Parties shall ensure that:

　　(a) Persons with disabilities are not excluded from the general education system on the basis of disability, and that children with disabilities are not excluded from free and compulsory primary education, or from secondary education, on the basis of disability;

　　(b) Persons with disabilities can access an inclusive, quality and free primary education and secondary education on an equal basis with others in the communities in which they live;

　　(c) Reasonable accommodation of the individual's requirements is provided;

　　(d) Persons with disabilities receive the support required, within the general education system, to facilitate their effective education;

　　(e) Effective individualized support measures are provided in environments that maximize academic and social development, consistent with the goal of full inclusion.

　　3. States Parties shall enable persons with disabilities to learn life and social development skills to facilitate their full and equal participation in education and as members of the community. To this end, States Parties shall take appropriate measures, including:

　　(a) Facilitating the learning of Braille, alternative script, augmentative and alternative modes, means and formats of communication and orientation and mobility skills, and facilitating peer support and mentoring;

　　(b) Facilitating the learning of sign language and the promotion of the linguistic identity of the deaf community;

　　(c) Ensuring that the education of persons, and in particular children, who are blind, deaf or deafblind, is delivered in the most appropriate languages and modes and means of communication for the individual, and in environments which maximize academic and social development.

　　4. In order to help ensure the realization of this right, States Parties shall take appropriate measures to employ teachers, including teachers with disabilities, who are qualified in sign language and/or Braille, and to train professionals and staff who work at all levels of education. Such training shall incorporate disability awareness and the use of appropriate augmentative and alternative modes, means and formats of communication, educational techniques and materials to support persons with disabilities.

　　5. States Parties shall ensure that persons with disabilities are able to access general tertiary education, vocational training, adult education and lifelong learning without discrimination and on an equal basis with others. To this end, States Parties shall ensure that reasonable accommodation is provided to persons with disabilities.

　　Article 25

　　Health

　　States Parties recognize that persons with disabilities have the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health without discrimination on the basis of disability. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure access for persons with disabilities to health services that are gender-sensitive, including health-related rehabilitation. In particular, States Parties shall:

　　(a) Provide persons with disabilities with the same range, quality and standard of free or affordable health care and programmes as provided to other persons, including in the area of sexual and reproductive health and population-based public health programmes;

　　(b) Provide those health services needed by persons with disabilities specifically because of their disabilities, including early identification and intervention as appropriate, and services designed to minimize and prevent further disabilities, including among children and older persons;

　　(c) Provide these health services as close as possible to people's own communities, including in rural areas;

　　(d) Require health professionals to provide care of the same quality to persons with disabilities as to others, including on the basis of free and informed consent by, inter alia, raising awareness of the human rights, dignity, autonomy and needs of persons with disabilities through training and the promulgation of ethical standards for public and private health care;

　　(e) Prohibit discrimination against persons with disabilities in the provision of health insurance, and life insurance where such insurance is permitted by national law, which shall be provided in a fair and reasonable manner;

　　(f) Prevent discriminatory denial of health care or health services or food and fluids on the basis of disability.

　　Article 26

　　Habilitation and rehabilitation

　　1. States Parties shall take effective and appropriate measures, including through peer support, to enable persons with disabilities to attain and maintain maximum independence, full physical, mental, social and vocational ability, and full inclusion and participation in all aspects of life. To that end, States Parties shall organize, strengthen and extend comprehensive habilitation and rehabilitation services and programmes, particularly in the areas of health, employment, education and social services, in such a way that these services and programmes:

　　(a) Begin at the earliest possible stage, and are based on the multidisciplinary assessment of individual needs and strengths;

　　(b) Support participation and inclusion in the community and all aspects of society, are voluntary, and are available to persons with disabilities as close as possible to their own communities, including in rural areas.

　　2. States Parties shall promote the development of initial and continuing training for professionals and staff working in habilitation and rehabilitation services.

　　3. States Parties shall promote the availability, knowledge and use of assistive devices and technologies, designed for persons with disabilities, as they relate to habilitation and rehabilitation.

　　Article 27

　　Work and employment

　　1. States Parties recognize the right of persons with disabilities to work, on an equal basis with others; this includes the right to the opportunity to gain a living by work freely chosen or accepted in a labour market and work environment that is open, inclusive and accessible to persons with disabilities. States Parties shall safeguard and promote the realization of the right to work, including for those who acquire a disability during the course of employment, by taking appropriate steps, including through legislation, to, inter alia:

　　(a) Prohibit discrimination on the basis of disability with regard to all matters concerning all forms of employment, including conditions of recruitment, hiring and employment, continuance of employment, career advancement and safe and healthy working conditions;

　　(b) Protect the rights of persons with disabilities, on an equal basis with others, to just and favourable conditions of work, including equal opportunities and equal remuneration for work of equal value, safe and healthy working conditions, including protection from harassment, and the redress of grievances;

　　(c) Ensure that persons with disabilities are able to exercise their labour and trade union rights on an equal basis with others;

　　(d) Enable persons with disabilities to have effective access to general technical and vocational guidance programmes, placement services and vocational and continuing training;

　　(e) Promote employment opportunities and career advancement for persons with disabilities in the labour market, as well as assistance in finding, obtaining, maintaining and returning to employment;

　　(f) Promote opportunities for self-employment, entrepreneurship, the development of cooperatives and starting one's own business;

　　(g) Employ persons with disabilities in the public sector;

　　(h) Promote the employment of persons with disabilities in the private sector through appropriate policies and measures, which may include affirmative action programmes, incentives and other measures;

　　(i) Ensure that reasonable accommodation is provided to persons with disabilities in the workplace;

　　(j) Promote the acquisition by persons with disabilities of work experience in the open labour market;

　　(k) Promote vocational and professional rehabilitation, job retention and return-to-work programmes for persons with disabilities.

　　2. States Parties shall ensure that persons with disabilities are not held in slavery or in servitude, and are protected, on an equal basis with others, from forced or compulsory labour.

　　Article 28

　　Adequate standard of living and social protection

　　1. States Parties recognize the right of persons with disabilities to an adequate standard of living for themselves and their families, including adequate food, clothing and housing, and to the continuous improvement of living conditions, and shall take appropriate steps to safeguard and promote the realization of this right without discrimination on the basis of disability.

　　2. States Parties recognize the right of persons with disabilities to social protection and to the enjoyment of that right without discrimination on the basis of disability, and shall take appropriate steps to safeguard and promote the realization of this right, including measures:

　　(a) To ensure equal access by persons with disabilities to clean water services, and to ensure access to appropriate and affordable services, devices and other assistance for disability-related needs;

　　(b) To ensure access by persons with disabilities, in particular women and girls with disabilities and older persons with disabilities, to social protection programmes and poverty reduction programmes;

　　(c) To ensure access by persons with disabilities and their families living in situations of poverty to assistance from the State with disability-related expenses, including adequate training, counselling, financial assistance and respite care;

　　(d) To ensure access by persons with disabilities to public housing programmes;

　　(e) To ensure equal access by persons with disabilities to retirement benefits and programmes.

　　Article 29

　　Participation in political and public life

　　States Parties shall guarantee to persons with disabilities political rights and the opportunity to enjoy them on an equal basis with others, and shall undertake to:

　　(a) Ensure that persons with disabilities can effectively and fully participate in political and public life on an equal basis with others, directly or through freely chosen representatives, including the right and opportunity for persons with disabilities to vote and be elected, inter alia, by:

　　(i) Ensuring that voting procedures, facilities and materials are appropriate, accessible and easy to understand and use;

　　(ii) Protecting the right of persons with disabilities to vote by secret ballot in elections and public referendums without intimidation, and to stand for elections, to effectively hold office and perform all public functions at all levels of government, facilitating the use of assistive and new technologies where appropriate;

　　(iii) Guaranteeing the free expression of the will of persons with disabilities as electors and to this end, where necessary, at their request, allowing assistance in voting by a person of their own choice;

　　(b) Promote actively an environment in which persons with disabilities can effectively and fully participate in the conduct of public affairs, without discrimination and on an equal basis with others, and encourage their participation in public affairs, including:

　　(i) Participation in non-governmental organizations and associations concerned with the public and political life of the country, and in the activities and administration of political parties;

　　(ii) Forming and joining organizations of persons with disabilities to represent persons with disabilities at international, national, regional and local levels.

　　Article 30

　　Participation in cultural life, recreation, leisure and sport

　　1. States Parties recognize the right of persons with disabilities to take part on an equal basis with others in cultural life, and shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that persons with disabilities:

　　(a) Enjoy access to cultural materials in accessible formats;

　　(b) Enjoy access to television programmes, films, theatre and other cultural activities, in accessible formats;

　　(c) Enjoy access to places for cultural performances or services, such as theatres, museums, cinemas, libraries and tourism services, and, as far as possible, enjoy access to monuments and sites of national cultural importance.

　　2. States Parties shall take appropriate measures to enable persons with disabilities to have the opportunity to develop and utilize their creative, artistic and intellectual potential, not only for their own benefit, but also for the enrichment of society.

　　3. States Parties shall take all appropriate steps, in accordance with international law, to ensure that laws protecting intellectual property rights do not constitute an unreasonable or discriminatory barrier to access by persons with disabilities to cultural materials.

　　4. Persons with disabilities shall be entitled, on an equal basis with others, to recognition and support of their specific cultural and linguistic identity, including sign languages and deaf culture.

　　5. With a view to enabling persons with disabilities to participate on an equal basis with others in recreational, leisure and sporting activities, States Parties shall take appropriate measures:

　　(a) To encourage and promote the participation, to the fullest extent possible, of persons with disabilities in mainstream sporting activities at all levels;

　　(b) To ensure that persons with disabilities have an opportunity to organize, develop and participate in disability-specific sporting and recreational activities and, to this end, encourage the provision, on an equal basis with others, of appropriate instruction, training and resources;

　　(c) To ensure that persons with disabilities have access to sporting, recreational and tourism venues;

　　(d) To ensure that children with disabilities have equal access with other children to participation in play, recreation and leisure and sporting activities, including those activities in the school system;

　　(e) To ensure that persons with disabilities have access to services from those involved in the organization of recreational, tourism, leisure and sporting activities.

　　Article 31

　　Statistics and data collection

　　1. States Parties undertake to collect appropriate information, including statistical and research data, to enable them to formulate and implement policies to give effect to the present Convention. The process of collecting and maintaining this information shall:

　　(a) Comply with legally established safeguards, including legislation on data protection, to ensure confidentiality and respect for the privacy of persons with disabilities;

　　(b) Comply with internationally accepted norms to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms and ethical principles in the collection and use of statistics.

　　2. The information collected in accordance with this article shall be disaggregated, as appropriate, and used to help assess the implementation of States Parties' obligations under the present Convention and to identify and address the barriers faced by persons with disabilities in exercising their rights.

　　3. States Parties shall assume responsibility for the dissemination of these statistics and ensure their accessibility to persons with disabilities and others.

　　Article 32

　　International cooperation

　　1. States Parties recognize the importance of international cooperation and its promotion, in support of national efforts for the realization of the purpose and objectives of the present Convention, and will undertake appropriate and effective measures in this regard, between and among States and, as appropriate, in partnership with relevant international and regional organizations and civil society, in particular organizations of persons with disabilities. Such measures could include, inter alia:

　　(a) Ensuring that international cooperation, including international development programmes, is inclusive of and accessible to persons with disabilities;

　　(b) Facilitating and supporting capacity-building, including through the exchange and sharing of information, experiences, training programmes and best practices;

　　(c) Facilitating cooperation in research and access to scientific and technical knowledge;

　　(d) Providing, as appropriate, technical and economic assistance, including by facilitating access to and sharing of accessible and assistive technologies, and through the transfer of technologies.

　　2. The provisions of this article are without prejudice to the obligations of each State Party to fulfil its obligations under the present Convention.

　　Article 33

　　National implementation and monitoring

　　1. States Parties, in accordance with their system of organization, shall designate one or more focal points within government for matters relating to the implementation of the present Convention, and shall give due consideration to the establishment or designation of a coordination mechanism within government to facilitate related action in different sectors and at different levels.

　　2. States Parties shall, in accordance with their legal and administrative systems, maintain, strengthen, designate or establish within the State Party, a framework, including one or more independent mechanisms, as appropriate, to promote, protect and monitor implementation of the present Convention. When designating or establishing such a mechanism, States Parties shall take into account the principles relating to the status and functioning of national institutions for protection and promotion of human rights.

　　3. Civil society, in particular persons with disabilities and their representative organizations, shall be involved and participate fully in the monitoring process.

　　Article 34

　　Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

　　1. There shall be established a Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (hereafter referred to as "the Committee"), which shall carry out the functions hereinafter provided.

　　2. The Committee shall consist, at the time of entry into force of the present Convention, of twelve experts. After an additional sixty ratifications or accessions to the Convention, the membership of the Committee shall increase by six members, attaining a maximum number of eighteen members.

　　3. The members of the Committee shall serve in their personal capacity and shall be of high moral standing and recognized competence and experience in the field covered by the present Convention. When nominating their candidates, States Parties are invited to give due consideration to the provision set out in article 4.3 of the present Convention.

　　4. The members of the Committee shall be elected by States Parties, consideration being given to equitable geographical distribution, representation of the different forms of civilization and of the principal legal systems, balanced gender representation and participation of experts with disabilities.

　　5. The members of the Committee shall be elected by secret ballot from a list of persons nominated by the States Parties from among their nationals at meetings of the Conference of States Parties. At those meetings, for which two thirds of States Parties shall constitute a quorum, the persons elected to the Committee shall be those who obtain the largest number of votes and an absolute majority of the votes of the representatives of States Parties present and voting.

　　6. The initial election shall be held no later than six months after the date of entry into force of the present Convention. At least four months before the date of each election, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall address a letter to the States Parties inviting them to submit the nominations within two months. The Secretary-General shall subsequently prepare a list in alphabetical order of all persons thus nominated, indicating the State Parties which have nominated them, and shall submit it to the States Parties to the present Convention.

　　7. The members of the Committee shall be elected for a term of four years. They shall be eligible for re-election once. However, the term of six of the members elected at the first election shall expire at the end of two years; immediately after the first election, the names of these six members shall be chosen by lot by the chairperson of the meeting referred to in paragraph 5 of this article.

　　8. The election of the six additional members of the Committee shall be held on the occasion of regular elections, in accordance with the relevant provisions of this article.

　　9. If a member of the Committee dies or resigns or declares that for any other cause she or he can no longer perform her or his duties, the State Party which nominated the member shall appoint another expert possessing the qualifications and meeting the requirements set out in the relevant provisions of this article, to serve for the remainder of the term.

　　10. The Committee shall establish its own rules of procedure.

　　11. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall provide the necessary staff and facilities for the effective performance of the functions of the Committee under the present Convention, and shall convene its initial meeting.

　　12. With the approval of the General Assembly, the members of the Committee established under the present Convention shall receive emoluments from United Nations resources on such terms and conditions as the Assembly may decide, having regard to the importance of the Committee's responsibilities.

　　13. The members of the Committee shall be entitled to the facilities, privileges and immunities of experts on mission for the United Nations as laid down in the relevant sections of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations.

　　Article 35

　　Reports by States Parties

　　1. Each State Party shall submit to the Committee, through the Secretary-General of the United Nations, a comprehensive report on measures taken to give effect to its obligations under the present Convention and on the progress made in that regard, within two years after the entry into force of the present Convention for the State Party concerned.

　　2. Thereafter, States Parties shall submit subsequent reports at least every four years and further whenever the Committee so requests.

　　3. The Committee shall decide any guidelines applicable to the content of the reports.

　　4. A State Party which has submitted a comprehensive initial report to the Committee need not, in its subsequent reports, repeat information previously provided. When preparing reports to the Committee, States Parties are invited to consider doing so in an open and transparent process and to give due consideration to the provision set out in article 4.3 of the present Convention.

　　5. Reports may indicate factors and difficulties affecting the degree of fulfilment of obligations under the present Convention.

　　Article 36

　　Consideration of reports

　　1. Each report shall be considered by the Committee, which shall make such suggestions and general recommendations on the report as it may consider appropriate and shall forward these to the State Party concerned. The State Party may respond with any information it chooses to the Committee. The Committee may request further information from States Parties relevant to the implementation of the present Convention.

　　2. If a State Party is significantly overdue in the submission of a report, the Committee may notify the State Party concerned of the need to examine the implementation of the present Convention in that State Party, on the basis of reliable information available to the Committee, if the relevant report is not submitted within three months following the notification. The Committee shall invite the State Party concerned to participate in such examination. Should the State Party respond by submitting the relevant report, the provisions of paragraph 1 of this article will apply.

　　3. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall make available the reports to all States Parties.

　　4. States Parties shall make their reports widely available to the public in their own countries and facilitate access to the suggestions and general recommendations relating to these reports.

　　5. The Committee shall transmit, as it may consider appropriate, to the specialized agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations, and other competent bodies, reports from States Parties in order to address a request or indication of a need for technical advice or assistance contained therein, along with the Committee's observations and recommendations, if any, on these requests or indications.

　　Article 37

　　Cooperation between States Parties and the Committee

　　1. Each State Party shall cooperate with the Committee and assist its members in the fulfilment of their mandate.

　　2. In its relationship with States Parties, the Committee shall give due consideration to ways and means of enhancing national capacities for the implementation of the present Convention, including through international cooperation.

　　Article 38

　　Relationship of the Committee with other bodies

　　In order to foster the effective implementation of the present Convention and to encourage international cooperation in the field covered by the present Convention:

　　(a) The specialized agencies and other United Nations organs shall be entitled to be represented at the consideration of the implementation of such provisions of the present Convention as fall within the scope of their mandate. The Committee may invite the specialized agencies and other competent bodies as it may consider appropriate to provide expert advice on the implementation of the Convention in areas falling within the scope of their respective mandates. The Committee may invite specialized agencies and other United Nations organs to submit reports on the implementation of the Convention in areas falling within the scope of their activities;

　　(b) The Committee, as it discharges its mandate, shall consult, as appropriate, other relevant bodies instituted by international human rights treaties, with a view to ensuring the consistency of their respective reporting guidelines, suggestions and general recommendations, and avoiding duplication and overlap in the performance of their functions.

　　Article 39

　　Report of the Committee

　　The Committee shall report every two years to the General Assembly and to the Economic and Social Council on its activities, and may make suggestions and general recommendations based on the examination of reports and information received from the States Parties. Such suggestions and general recommendations shall be included in the report of the Committee together with comments, if any, from States Parties.

　　Article 40

　　Conference of States Parties

　　1. The States Parties shall meet regularly in a Conference of States Parties in order to consider any matter with regard to the implementation of the present Convention.

　　2. No later than six months after the entry into force of the present Convention, the Conference of the States Parties shall be convened by the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The subsequent meetings shall be convened by the Secretary-General of the United Nations biennially or upon the decision of the Conference of States Parties.

　　Article 41

　　Depositary

　　The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be the depositary of the present Convention.

　　Article 42

　　Signature

　　The present Convention shall be open for signature by all States and by regional integration organizations at United Nations Headquarters in New York as of 30 March 2007.

　　Article 43

　　Consent to be bound

　　The present Convention shall be subject to ratification by signatory States and to formal confirmation by signatory regional integration organizations. It shall be open for accession by any State or regional integration organization which has not signed the Convention.

　　Article 44

　　Regional integration organizations

　　1. "Regional integration organization" shall mean an organization constituted by sovereign States of a given region, to which its member States have transferred competence in respect of matters governed by this Convention. Such organizations shall declare, in their instruments of formal confirmation or accession, the extent of their competence with respect to matters governed by this Convention. Subsequently, they shall inform the depositary of any substantial modification in the extent of their competence.

　　2. References to "States Parties" in the present Convention shall apply to such organizations within the limits of their competence.

　　3. For the purposes of article 45, paragraph 1, and article 47, paragraphs 2 and 3, any instrument deposited by a regional integration organization shall not be counted.

　　4. Regional integration organizations, in matters within their competence, may exercise their right to vote in the Conference of States Parties, with a number of votes equal to the number of their member States that are Parties to this Convention. Such an organization shall not exercise its right to vote if any of its member States exercises its right, and vice versa.

　　Article 45

　　Entry into force

　　1. The present Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the deposit of the twentieth instrument of ratification or accession.

　　2. For each State or regional integration organization ratifying, formally confirming or acceding to the Convention after the deposit of the twentieth such instrument, the Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the deposit of its own such instrument.

　　Article 46

　　Reservations

　　1. Reservations incompatible with the object and purpose of the present Convention shall not be permitted.

　　2. Reservations may be withdrawn at any time.

　　Article 47

　　Amendments

　　1. Any State Party may propose an amendment to the present Convention and submit it to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The Secretary-General shall communicate any proposed amendments to States Parties, with a request to be notified whether they favour a conference of States Parties for the purpose of considering and deciding upon the proposals. In the event that, within four months from the date of such communication, at least one third of the States Parties favour such a conference, the Secretary-General shall convene the conference under the auspices of the United Nations. Any amendment adopted by a majority of two thirds of the States Parties present and voting shall be submitted by the Secretary-General to the General Assembly for approval and thereafter to all States Parties for acceptance.

　　2. An amendment adopted and approved in accordance with paragraph 1 of this article shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the number of instruments of acceptance deposited reaches two thirds of the number of States Parties at the date of adoption of the amendment. Thereafter, the amendment shall enter into force for any State Party on the thirtieth day following the deposit of its own instrument of acceptance. An amendment shall be binding only on those States Parties which have accepted it.

　　3. If so decided by the Conference of States Parties by consensus, an amendment adopted and approved in accordance with paragraph 1 of this article which relates exclusively to articles 34, 38, 39 and 40 shall enter into force for all States Parties on the thirtieth day after the number of instruments of acceptance deposited reaches two thirds of the number of States Parties at the date of adoption of the amendment.

　　Article 48

　　Denunciation

　　A State Party may denounce the present Convention by written notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The denunciation shall become effective one year after the date of receipt of the notification by the Secretary-General.

　　Article 49

　　Accessible format

　　The text of the present Convention shall be made available in accessible formats.

　　Article 50

　　Authentic texts

　　The Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts of the present Convention shall be equally authentic.

　　In witness thereof the undersigned plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized thereto by their respective Governments, have signed the present Convention.